Nationalism, Ethnicity and Identity

Nationalism: 

• the ideology with which cultural units (NATIONS) and political units (STATES) must be congruent, and political boundaries correspond to cultural boundaries.
• an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.
• It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity to promote a national unity or solidarity 
• national identity is based on a combination of shared social characteristics
• Belief that one should defend a compatriot against a foreigner, whether the former is in the right or not.
• Eulogizing and almost worship of national personalities and historical heroes of one's country.
• Revival of past traditions.

• three types of nationalism
• ethnic
• The term “ethnic nationalism” refers to movements of group allegiance based on a shared ethnic identity.The central tenet of ethnic nationalists is that ethnic groups have a right to self-determination in the form of an ethnic nation. Those of other ethnicities may be classified as second-class citizens within such a state.

• cultural 
• The term “cultural nationalism” refers to movements of group allegiance based on a shared heritage as in language, history, literature, songs, religion, ideology, symbols, land, or monuments. Cultural nationalists emphasize heritage or culture, rather than race or ethnicity or institutions of statehood.
• civic
• Civic nationhood is a political identity built around shared citizenship within the state. Thus, a "civic nation" is defined not by culture but by political institutions and liberal principles, which its citizens pledge to uphold. Membership in the civic nation is open to every citizen by citizenship, regardless of culture or ethnicity; those who share these values are considered members of the nation.

• 5 characteristics of nationalism
• Culture. Shared beliefs and a way of life create a common bond.
• History. A shared past connects people as a group.
• Religion. A common religion helps unite people.
• Language. A common language is a key element of nationalism.
• Territory. A shared land gives people a sense of unity.

• Nationalism vs patriotism
• there is a considerable difference between nationalism and patriotism. While nationalism emphasizes a unity of cultural past with inclusion of the language and heritage, patriotism is based on love towards people with a greater emphasis on values and beliefs.

• Impact of Nationalism
• positive outcomes—promotes a sense of identity, unites people, promotes pride. 
• negative outcomes—leads to conflict with others, infringes on rights of others, creates xenophobia—the fear that someone will take them over.

• Ultranationalism
• Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.
• Internationalism has several interpretations and meanings, but is usually characterized by opposition to nationalism and isolationism; support for international institutions, such as the United Nations, and a cosmopolitan outlook that promotes and respects other cultures and customs.

• Nationalism and Human Rights
• Yazici has argued that nationalism is inherently contradictory to human rights. This is because nationalist political actors value protecting national unity at any cost and prioritizing national interests over any other concerns, which jeopardizes certain types of human rights.

• Jingoism
• Agressive patriotism that results is solutions which promote physical violence rather than diplomacy as as solutions
• Jingoism is an attitude of belligerent nationalism, or a blind adherence to the rightness or virtue of one’s own nation, society, or group, simply because it is one’s own. 
• JINGOSIM LINK